Islam as the state religion helped unify the empire。 The seat of the empire was
at first located in Tabriz; then moved to Kazvin; and later; to Isfahan。 The first
Safavid ruler; Shah Ismail (reigned 1501–24); subdued the areas that the
Whitesheep ruled in Azerbaijan and Persia。 Persia weakened appreciably during
the rule of Shah Tahmasp I (reigned 1524–76)。
1512: The Flight of Bihzad。 The great miniaturist Bihzad emigrated from
Herat to Tabriz。
1514: The Plunder of the Seven Heavens Palace。 The Ottoman Sultan
Selim the Grim; after defeating the Safavid army at Chaldiran; plundered the
Seven Heavens Palace in Tabriz。 He returned to Istanbul with an exquisite
collection of Persian miniatures and books。
1520–66: Süleyman the Magnificent and the Golden Age of Ottoman
Culture。 The reign of Ottoman Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent。 Important
conquests expanded the empire to the east and the west; including the first
seige of Vienna (1529) and the capture of Baghdad from the Safavids (1535)。
1556–1605: Reign of Akbar; Emperor of Hindustan; a descendant of
Tamerlane and Genghis Khan。 He established miniaturists’ workshops in Agra。
1566–74: The reign of Ottoman Sultan Selim II。 Peace treaties signed with
Austria and Persia。
1571: The Battle of Lepanto。 A four…hour naval battle between allied
Christian forces and the Ottomans subsequent to the Ottoman invasion of
Cyprus (1570)。 Though the Ottomans were defeated; Venice surrendered
Cyprus to the Ottomans in 1573。 The battle had great impact on European
morale and was the subject of paintings by Titian; Tintoretto and Veronese。
1574–95: The reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat III (during whose rule the
events of our novel take place)。 His rule witnessed a series of struggles between
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1578–90 known as the Ottoman…Safavid wars。 He was the Ottoman sultan
most interested in miniatures and books; and he had the Book of Skills; the
Book of Festivities and the Book of Victories produced in Istanbul。 The most
prominent Ottoman miniaturists; including Osman the Miniaturist (Master
Osman) and his disciples; contributed to them。
1576: Shah Tahmasp’s Peace Offering to the Ottomans。 After decades of